tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54313109476521746572024-02-20T06:43:15.198+07:00My NotesThe main website for Chemistry Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger74125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-35523917998314747282015-03-09T15:39:00.000+07:002015-03-09T15:39:00.169+07:00Bab 8 - Tabel Periodik (Raymond Chang)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21140&authkey=AIbujAqait4pCR4&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-16536794551275238642015-03-08T15:36:00.000+07:002015-03-08T15:36:00.623+07:00Bab 7 - Struktur Elektron Atom (Raymond Chang)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21139&authkey=AENjsjFShmXjOoE&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-14634709976991595022015-03-07T15:35:00.000+07:002015-03-07T15:35:00.121+07:00Bab 6 - Hubungan Energi dalam Reaksi (Raymond Change)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21138&authkey=ACAr2Hs3IHi8va0&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-18656712586643938412015-03-06T15:32:00.000+07:002015-03-06T15:32:00.343+07:00Bab 5 - Gas (Raymond Chang)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21137&authkey=AL9-XEcjYTGeSnk&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-25366019607783024152015-03-05T15:28:00.000+07:002015-03-05T15:28:00.674+07:00Bab 4 - Reaksi Dalam Larutan Berair (Raymond Chang)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21136&authkey=AL68XzmFYFxSYmU&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-67063397765434692952015-03-04T15:25:00.000+07:002015-03-04T15:25:00.083+07:00Bab 3 - Stoikiometri (Raymond Chang)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21135&authkey=AN7u2WMYLVKz7gY&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-44372456808191301892015-03-03T15:22:00.000+07:002015-03-03T15:22:00.065+07:00Bab 2 - Atom, Molekul dan Ion (Raymond Chang)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21134&authkey=AHujM2oJOIkh5FM&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-33134270932222427782015-03-02T15:17:00.001+07:002015-03-02T15:17:10.003+07:00Bab 1 - Pendahuluan (Raymond Chang)<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21133&authkey=AIa2l4SePVMssyk&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-42882476460505405202015-03-01T06:09:00.000+07:002015-03-14T06:21:50.904+07:00Praktikum<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_MTF8YNm6u45TTbPWtNXrRzzYDIZkmvohAtuJBQ6QJw3nJ1q_7L8Y8q8MvkE8HcQLUBK5P59RfM2XSmHW0AEEqd2XsNluzDMwRzac8JjnZvaotdkPHro9rLDQU2rDD27kqb0nBpSZZ7x0/s1600/p1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_MTF8YNm6u45TTbPWtNXrRzzYDIZkmvohAtuJBQ6QJw3nJ1q_7L8Y8q8MvkE8HcQLUBK5P59RfM2XSmHW0AEEqd2XsNluzDMwRzac8JjnZvaotdkPHro9rLDQU2rDD27kqb0nBpSZZ7x0/s1600/p1.jpg" height="223" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pengocokkan larutan</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpWPOJ5wxEpEHaTFc9wLYnwA874ejQWjZagpo0CC3HBNiOk0Pn8hL9LUcvj_3E93VtCgIQj54vWXXOo4R64CfSGyqX8fEwJby2QhjU_eAojmG3Vq8EMvSFKsM6GekAFBRT_lLC8b4alHm2/s1600/p2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpWPOJ5wxEpEHaTFc9wLYnwA874ejQWjZagpo0CC3HBNiOk0Pn8hL9LUcvj_3E93VtCgIQj54vWXXOo4R64CfSGyqX8fEwJby2QhjU_eAojmG3Vq8EMvSFKsM6GekAFBRT_lLC8b4alHm2/s1600/p2.jpg" height="223" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Pengocokkan larutan</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYPJaHbxd3qBzR6AWP51l8Fuuf4USy_uZKMVcGZcsY0ufx7Fq_hiLdDFYtwd01UjKmqptr5UM8pi700w7hXJOKHflRcUBc9PHLJDmxhWcoq5byrTxj6bWLsIjyADqTPqBBST4EqMpcsh8_/s1600/s1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYPJaHbxd3qBzR6AWP51l8Fuuf4USy_uZKMVcGZcsY0ufx7Fq_hiLdDFYtwd01UjKmqptr5UM8pi700w7hXJOKHflRcUBc9PHLJDmxhWcoq5byrTxj6bWLsIjyADqTPqBBST4EqMpcsh8_/s1600/s1.jpg" height="275" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Penggunaan pipet volum</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxp6mRwHHMzeRL3X2bfcpkrhjFa7LzbRPy4d3ZzbGj7Kcesg0y5VzrcjtqDMj1KTklxgdsVes-lhmFhOTQ-oYMbMbZmTxluWOTZwZEh636b6Q-tkOQNZ2N95Dro3DSkIRDca41Y39oSdw8/s1600/s2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxp6mRwHHMzeRL3X2bfcpkrhjFa7LzbRPy4d3ZzbGj7Kcesg0y5VzrcjtqDMj1KTklxgdsVes-lhmFhOTQ-oYMbMbZmTxluWOTZwZEh636b6Q-tkOQNZ2N95Dro3DSkIRDca41Y39oSdw8/s1600/s2.jpg" height="209" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Penggunaan pipet volum</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw8gxsAggkDCSCFFKtxzUk29ia7YXEioMig-ls9fEpfBXW6AQfY1qyzc21iCPm7KLpvAEzzRcWh1X_OO5Kf6b_uETzmXCe2U3N92xydcXrI0SWJXVSj_J_TKBDG84_kjP_kmlJukFchXYW/s1600/l1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw8gxsAggkDCSCFFKtxzUk29ia7YXEioMig-ls9fEpfBXW6AQfY1qyzc21iCPm7KLpvAEzzRcWh1X_OO5Kf6b_uETzmXCe2U3N92xydcXrI0SWJXVSj_J_TKBDG84_kjP_kmlJukFchXYW/s1600/l1.jpg" height="320" width="192" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cara titrasi</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNL7ID_bETHhGRG1eycfM-hDtXH-f3FP6grxFfXFp9-Ul4s1ELHc8rh4UWGs4sXHW12djuoz76cRz0VR3xRJxsFwucFPlUraq0t1ot4u0VHKqJrf-OxJotjV0cPlWLjOXIYczSnLvhcVp/s1600/l2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNL7ID_bETHhGRG1eycfM-hDtXH-f3FP6grxFfXFp9-Ul4s1ELHc8rh4UWGs4sXHW12djuoz76cRz0VR3xRJxsFwucFPlUraq0t1ot4u0VHKqJrf-OxJotjV0cPlWLjOXIYczSnLvhcVp/s1600/l2.jpg" height="320" width="192" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Cara titrasi</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoRtKDVVEdKm2w4meZ5RucbsZ5H8QVg3O6TMIdxiERQk3Xjia8BybymWVWaruZn1Ajoa9EOdT_NlHIambQWHWvsx1ugoLshjGfnB2BkSK78WuUiA1DJlU3zO_rDAcWgHmvK_Y19IG3WgA_/s1600/image+buret.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoRtKDVVEdKm2w4meZ5RucbsZ5H8QVg3O6TMIdxiERQk3Xjia8BybymWVWaruZn1Ajoa9EOdT_NlHIambQWHWvsx1ugoLshjGfnB2BkSK78WuUiA1DJlU3zO_rDAcWgHmvK_Y19IG3WgA_/s1600/image+buret.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rangkaian alat titrasi</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-87696470476471143522015-02-27T16:52:00.000+07:002015-02-27T16:52:00.845+07:00Biokimia - Fotosintesis<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21126&authkey=AP0tw7eLZgBOlY0&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-2037972000392475802015-02-26T16:51:00.000+07:002015-02-26T16:51:00.041+07:00Biokimia - Enzim<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21123&authkey=AKPnBp_IA5nMFQI&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-83591620226144773302015-02-25T16:50:00.000+07:002015-02-25T16:50:00.736+07:00Biosintesis Protein - Mutasi dan Transkripsi<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21125&authkey=AASFnLmBGUXjZtM&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-69596091783818465022015-02-24T16:48:00.000+07:002015-02-24T16:48:00.794+07:00Biosintesis Protein II<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21122&authkey=ADkq0Hnf4mniST4&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-83699572726775915682015-02-23T16:46:00.000+07:002015-02-23T16:46:00.046+07:00Biosintesis Protein<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21120&authkey=AITV6Y0q6RKsov0&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-14383019449328696852015-02-22T16:44:00.000+07:002015-02-22T16:44:00.607+07:00Biosinteis Lipida<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21124&authkey=AH6g1hq8VSCjITM&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-39174244487972961042015-02-21T16:43:00.000+07:002015-02-21T16:43:00.811+07:00Pengenalan Biokimia<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21119&authkey=AJbn0Rd7Gk1bdNU&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PPT Online</td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-91581520061673156472015-02-20T16:38:00.001+07:002015-02-21T14:49:34.430+07:00Asam Amino dan Protein<iframe frameborder="0" height="327" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=F2D5D56E3A20090A&resid=F2D5D56E3A20090A%21118&authkey=ABgX1vUbUtnEv64&em=2" width="402"></iframe><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-2496545144278596882015-02-02T08:08:00.003+07:002015-02-20T15:24:53.224+07:00Latihan Percobaan Asam Basa Indikator Lakmus (Flash)<embed align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" height="410" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="medium" src="https://sites.google.com/site/kanwar03/Latihan%20AsBa.swf?attredirects=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" wmode="opaque"></embed><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-25792610795157915032015-02-02T08:07:00.001+07:002015-02-20T15:26:56.286+07:00Latihan Percobaan Asam Basa Indikator Alami (Flash)<embed align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" height="410" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="medium" src="https://sites.google.com/site/kanwar03/Latihan%20Indikator%20Alami.swf?attredirects=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" wmode="opaque"></embed><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-73152689068835355182015-02-01T07:59:00.000+07:002015-02-20T15:26:14.992+07:00Percobaan Asam Basa (Indikator Alami) - Flash<embed align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" height="410" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="medium" src="https://sites.google.com/site/kanwar03/Percobaan%20Indikator%20Alami.swf?attredirects=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" wmode="opaque"></embed><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-43552044450263739082015-01-31T02:46:00.001+07:002015-02-20T15:25:31.518+07:00Percobaan Asam Basa (Indikator Lakmus) - Flash<embed align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" height="410" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="medium" src="https://sites.google.com/site/kanwar03/Percobaan%20Asam%20Basa.swf?attredirects=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" wmode="opaque"></embed><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-34576376864150569552015-01-17T22:56:00.000+07:002015-02-20T15:25:59.122+07:00Animasi Titrasi Asam Basa<embed align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" height="410" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="medium" src="https://sites.google.com/site/kanwar03/Acid-Base%20Titration.swf?attredirects=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" wmode="opaque"></embed><br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-46069406450235766152015-01-10T23:08:00.000+07:002015-01-17T23:09:03.249+07:00IKATAN KIMIA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKkWBJdwcoB45eCOYmmA6TFudh8uxyH1enDNP_64iyHNw-4h2IXcYItlEryd-riQB1q5_I4BFYQ9CJcFcbImPMSiHgQRvjFp-5AAD51-XevXReMyHrS-DIfpsrwppAXTPrC74tL_39w_C/s1600/ikkovpolar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKkWBJdwcoB45eCOYmmA6TFudh8uxyH1enDNP_64iyHNw-4h2IXcYItlEryd-riQB1q5_I4BFYQ9CJcFcbImPMSiHgQRvjFp-5AAD51-XevXReMyHrS-DIfpsrwppAXTPrC74tL_39w_C/s1600/ikkovpolar.jpg" height="204" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ikatan Kimia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>A. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Peranan
Elektron Dalam Ikatan Kimia</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Teori
duplet dan oktet dari <b>G.N. Lewis </b>merupakan dasar ikatan kimia.<br />
Lewis mengemukakan bahwa suatu atom berikatan dengan cara menggunakan bersama
dua elektron atau lebih untuk mencapai konfigurasi elektron gas mulia (ns<sup>2</sup>np<sup>6</sup>)
</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">TEORI
INI MENDAPAT BEBERAPA KESULITAN, YAKNI :</span></b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada
senyawa BCl<sub>3</sub> dan PCl<sub>5</sub>, atom boron dikelilingi 6
elektron, sedangkan atom fosfor dikelilingi 10 elektron.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Menurut
teori ini, jumlah ikatan kovalen yang dapat dibentuk suatu unsur tergant~u~g
jumlah elektron tak berpasangan dalam unsur tersebut.</span> </div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh
:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
<sub>8</sub>O : 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2 </sup>2p<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>
2p<sub>y</sub><sup>1 </sup>2p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup></span><br />
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ada</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 2 elektron
tunggal. sehingga oksigen dapat membentuk 2 ikatan (H-O-H; O=O).<br />
<br />
akan tetapi:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
<sub>5</sub>B : 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebenarnya
hal ini dapat diterangkan bila kita ingat pada prinsip Hund, dimana cara
pengisian elektron dalam orbital suatu sub kulit ialah bahwa
elektron-elektron tidak membentuk pasangan elektron sebelum masing-masing
orbital terisi dengan sebuah elektron.</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh : <sub>5</sub>B : 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup>
2p<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(hibridisasi) 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>1</sup> 2p<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup> 2p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup><br />
<br />
Tampak setelah terjadi hibridisasi untuk berikatan dengan atom B memerlukan
tiga buah elektron, seperti BCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Menurut teori di atas, unsur gas mulia
tidak dapat membentuk ikatan karena di sekelilingnya telah terdapat<br />
8 elektron. Tetapi saat ini sudah diketahui bahwa Xe dapat membentuk senyawa,
misalnya XeF<sub>2</sub> den XeO<sub>2</sub>.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Teori lain
adalah teori ikatan valensi. Dalam teori ini ikatan antar atom terjadi dengan
care saling bertindihan dari orbital-orbital atom. Elektron dalam orbital yang
tumpang tindih harus mempunyai bilangan kuantum spin yang berlawanan. </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">BEBERAPA
MACAM IKATAN KIMIA YANG TELAH DIKETAHUI, ANTARA LAIN :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ikatan
antar atom</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.
Ikatan ion = elektrovalen = heteropolar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.
Ikatan kovalen = homopolar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3.
Ikatan kovalen koordinasi = semipolar </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4.
Ikatan logam </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ikatan
antar molekul</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.
Ikatan hidrogen </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.
Ikatan van der walls</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>B. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ikatan Ion = Elektrovalen =
Heteropolar</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ikatan ion
biasanya terjadi antara atom-atom yang mudah melepaskan elektron (logam-logam
golongan utama) dengan atom-atom yang mudah menerima elektron (terutama
golongan VIA den VIIA). <i>Makin besar perbedaan elektronegativitas antara
atom-atom yang membentuk ikatan, maka ikatan yang terbentuk makin bersifat
ionik.</i> </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">PADA
UMUMNYA UNSUR-UNSUR YANG MUDAH MEMBENTUK IKATAN ION ADALAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- IA
</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VIIA atau VIA<br />
- IIA </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">«</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> VIIA atau
VIA<br />
- Unsur transisi </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VIIA atau VIA </span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
<b>Na
</b></span><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">® </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Na + e<sup>-</sup></span></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1s<sup>2</sup>
2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>1
</sup>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> (konfigurasi Ne)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Atom Cl
(VIIA) mudah menerima elektron sehingga elektron yang dilepaskan oleh atom Na
akan ditangkap oleh atom Cl.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
<b>Cl + e<sup>-
</sup></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">® </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cl<sup>-</sup></span></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1s<sup>2</sup>
2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>5
</sup>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>
3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6 </sup>(konfigurasi Ar)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Antara
ion-ion Na<sup>+</sup> dan Cl<sup>-</sup> terjadi <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city></st1:place> tarik menarik elektrostatik, sehingga
membentuk senyawa ion Na<sup>+</sup>Cl<sup>-</sup>.</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh
lain</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
: CaCl<sub>2</sub> , MgBr<sub>2</sub>, BaO , <st1:place w:st="on">FeS</st1:place>
dan sebagainya.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">SIFAT-SIFAT
SENYAWA IONIK ANTARA LAIN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<br />
a. bersifat polar<br />
b. larutannya dalam air menghantarkan arus listrik<br />
c. titik lelehnya tinggi<br />
d. lelehannya menghantarkan arus listrik<br />
e. larut dalam pelarut-pelarut polar</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>C. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ikatan Kovalen = Homopolar</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ikatan
kovalen terjadi karena adanya pemakaian bersama elektron dari atom-atom yang
membentuk ikatan. Pada umumnya ikatan kovalen terjadi antara atom-atom bukan
logam yang mempunyai perbedaan elektronegativitas rendah atau nol. Seperti
misalnya : H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, Cl<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>,
HCl dan sebagainya. </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IKATAN
KOVALEN TERBAGI ATAS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IKATAN
KOVALEN POLAR</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Atom-atom
pembentuknya mempunyai <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city>
tarik yang tidak sama terhadap pasangan elektron<br />
persekutuannya. Hal ini terjadi karena beda keelektronegatifan kedua atomnya.
Elektron persekutuan akan<br />
bergeser ke arah atom yang lebih elektronegatif akibatnya terjadi pemisahan
kutub positif dan negatif.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
senyawa HCl ini, Cl mempunyai keelektronegatifan yang lebih besar dari H.
sehingga pasangan elektron lebih tertarik ke arah Cl, akibatnya H relatif
lebih elektropositif sedangkan Cl relatif menjadi elektronegatif.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemisahan
muatan ini menjadikan molekul itu bersifat polar dan memiliki "momen
dipol" sebesar:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T = n .
l</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dimana
:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T =
momen dipol<br />
n = kelebihan muatan pada masing-masing atom<br />
l = jarak antara kedua inti atom</span><br />
<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IKATAN
KOVALEN NON POLAR</span></b> </div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Titik
muatan negatif elektron persekutuan berhimpit, sehingga pada molekul
pembentukuya tidak terjadi momen dipol, dengan perkataan lain bahwa elektron
persekutuan mendapat <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">gaya</st1:place></st1:city>
tarik yang sama.</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kedua
atom H mempunyai harga keelektronegatifan yang sama.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Karena
arah tarikan simetris, maka titik muatan negatif elektron persekutuan
berhimpit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh
lain adalah senyawa CO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, Br<sub>2</sub> dan
lain-lain</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>D. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ikatan Kovalen Koordinasi = Semipolar</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ikatan
kovalen koordinasi adalah ikatan yang terjadi apabila pasangan elektron yang
dipakai bersama berasal dari <b><i>salah satu atom </i></b>yang membentuknya. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jadi di
sini terdapat satu atom pemberi pasangan elektron bebas (elektron sunyi),
sedangkan atom lain sebagai<br />
penerimanya. </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">SYARAT
PEMBENTUKANNYA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1. Atom
yang satu memiliki pasangan elektron bebas<br />
2. Atom lainnya memiliki orbital kosong </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- Ion
hidronium (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>): H<sub>2</sub>O + H<sup>+</sup> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">® </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>L </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- Ion
amonium : NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>E. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ikatan Logam, Ikatan Hidrogen Dan
Ikatan Van Der Walls</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IKATAN
LOGAM</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada
ikatan kovalen, elektron-elektron ikatan seolah-olah menjadi milik sepasang
atom, sehingga tidak dapat bergerak bebas. Pada logam, elektron-elektron yang
menyebabkan terjadinya ikatan di antara atom-atom logam tidak hanya menjadi
milik sepasang atom saja, tetapi menjadi milik semua atom logam, sehingga
elektron-elektron dapat bergerak bebas. Karena itulah maka logam-logam dapat
menghantarkan arus listrik.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IKATAN
HIDROGEN<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Ikatan ini merupakan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city></st1:place>
tarik menarik antara atom H dengan atom lain yang mempunyai keelektronegatifan
besar pada satu molekul dari senyawa yang sama.</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- molekul
H<sub>2</sub>O</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- molekul
HF</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IKATAN
VAN DER WALLS</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gas mempunyal
sifat bentuk dan volumenya dapat berubah sesuai tempatnya. Jarak antara
molekul-molekul gas relatif jauh dan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city></st1:place>
tarik menariknya sangat lemah. Pada penurunan suhu, fasa gas dapat berubah
menjadi fasa cair atau padat. Pada keadaan ini jarak antara molekul-molekulnya
menjadi lebih dekat dan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city></st1:place>
tarik menariknya relatif lebih kuat. <st1:city w:st="on">Gaya</st1:city> tarik
menarik antara molekul-molekul yang berdekatan ini disebut <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city></st1:place> Van der walls.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>F. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bentuk Molekul</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
bentuk molekul dikenal adanya teori ikatan valensi. Teori ini menyatakan bahwa
ikatan antar atom terjadi dengan cara saling bertindihan dari orbital-orbital
atom. Elektron dalam orbital yang tumpang tindih harus mempunyai bilangan
kuantum spin yang berlawanan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pertindihan
antara dua sub kulit s tidak kuat, oleh karena distribusi muatan yang berbentuk
bola, oleh sebab itu pada umumnya ikatan <b>s - s</b> relatif lemah.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sub kulit <b>"p"</b>
dapat bertindih dengan sub kulit <b>"s"</b> atau sub kulit <b>"p"</b>
lainnya, ikatannya relatif lebih kuat, hal ini dikarenakan sub kulit <b>"p"</b>
terkonsentrasi pada arah tertentu.</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 21.0%;" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Molekul
HF: </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0%;" width="75%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
konfigurasi atom H : 1s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 21.0%;" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0%;" width="75%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
konfigurasi atom F: 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2P<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>
2p<sub>y</sub><sup>2</sup> 2p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup> </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<br />
Tumpang tindih terjadi antara sub kulit 1s dari atom H dengan orbital 2p<sub>z</sub>
dari aton, F. Pertindihan demikian disebut pertindihan sp.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 21.0%;" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Molekul
H2O: </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0%;" width="75%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
konfigurasi atom H : 1s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 21.0%;" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0%;" width="75%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
konfigurasi atom O: 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2P<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>
2p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup> 2p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup> </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<br />
Dalam atom O terdapat 2 elektron dalam keadaan yang tidak berpasangan
(orbital 2p<sub>y</sub> dan 2p<sub>z</sub>), masing-masing orbital ini akan
bertindihan dengan orbital 1s dari 2 atom H. Kedudukan orbital-orbital p
saling tegak lurus, diharapkan sudut ikatannya sebesar 90<sup>o</sup>, tetapi
karena adanya pengaruh pasangan elektron 2p<sub>x</sub>, maka kedua ikatan
tersebut akan tertolak dan membentuk sebesar 104.5<sup>o</sup>.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c. </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 21.0%;" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Molekul
CH<sub>4</sub> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0%;" width="75%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
konfigurasi atom H: 1s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 21.0%;" width="21%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0%;" width="75%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
konfigurasi atom C: 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2P<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup>
2p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup> 2p<sub>z</sub><sup>0</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<br />
Untuk mengikat 4 atom H menjadi CH<sub>4</sub>, maka 1 elektron dari orbital
2s akan dipromosikan ke orbital 2p<sub>z</sub>, sehingga konfigurasi elektron
atom C menjadi: 1s<sup>1</sup> 2s<sup>1</sup> 2p<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup> 2p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>
2p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup> . Orbital 2s mempunyai bentuk yang</span> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">berbeda dengan
ketiga orbital 2p, akan tetapi ternyata kedudukan keempat ikatan C-H dalam CH<sub>4</sub>
adalah sama. Hal ini terjadi karena pada saat orbital 2s, 2p<sub>x</sub>, 2p<sub>y</sub>
dan 2p<sub>z</sub> menerima 4 elektron dari 4 atom H, keempat orbital ini
berubah bentuknya sedemikian sehingga mempunyai kedudukan yang sama.
Peristiwa ini disebut <b>"hibridisasi"</b>. Karena perubahan yang
terjadi adalah 1 orbital 2s dan 3 orbital 2p, maka disebut hibridisasi sp<sup>3</sup>.
Bentuk molekul dari ikatan hibrida sp<sup>3</sup> adalah tetrahedron.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">BEBERAPA BENTUK GEOMETRI IKATAN, ANTARA LAIN :</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 79%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jenis ikatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jumlah ikatan
maksimum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bentuk geometrik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">sp </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Linier </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">sp<sup>2</sup> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Segitiga datar </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">sp<sup>3</sup> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tetrahedron </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dsp<sup>3</sup> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">5 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Trigonal
bipiramid </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">sp<sup>2</sup>d ;
dsp<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Segiempat datar </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">d2<sup>s</sup>p<sup>3</sup>
; sp<sup>3</sup>d<sup>2</sup> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" width="33%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6 </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Oktahedron</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-24387477325877591872015-01-08T23:05:00.000+07:002015-01-17T23:05:58.449+07:00STRUKTUR ATOM<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHgDzOqpOj40anrIF_W8-UHA4J4HH33UJdaXVbBpqDZG8_S2LcsSOd-UWaTLY9ZLB0haXxbMpHjA8oEwTMrEzqLAR-jIa4_d3Yb_S-FNjBvswUsLmsGS61-bcpF-_8vC8qF32jU0BcOZX/s1600/struktur_atom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHgDzOqpOj40anrIF_W8-UHA4J4HH33UJdaXVbBpqDZG8_S2LcsSOd-UWaTLY9ZLB0haXxbMpHjA8oEwTMrEzqLAR-jIa4_d3Yb_S-FNjBvswUsLmsGS61-bcpF-_8vC8qF32jU0BcOZX/s1600/struktur_atom.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Struktur Atom</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>A. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengertian Dasar</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a.</span></b> <b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Partikel dasar :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> partikel-partikel
pembentuk atom yang terdiri dari elektron, proton den neutron.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 19.0%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.
<b>Proton</b></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.0%;" valign="top" width="92%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">partikel
pembentuk atom yang mempunyai <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place>
sama dengan satu sma (amu) dan bermuatan +1.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 19.0%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.
<b>Neutron</b></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.0%;" valign="top" width="92%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">partikel
pembentuk atom yang bermassa satu sma (amu) dan netral.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 19.0%;" valign="top" width="19%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3.
<b>Elektron</b></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 92.0%;" valign="top" width="92%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">partikel pembentuk atom yang tidak
mempunyai <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place>
dan bermuatan -1.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b.</span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nukleus :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Inti atom yang
bermuatan positif, terdiri dari proton den neutron.<br />
<br />
<b>c.</b></span> <b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Notasi
unsur :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">z</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">A</span> </sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A dengan X : tanda
atom (unsur)</span> </div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 25.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" valign="top" width="33%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 25.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 42.0%;" valign="top" width="42%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Z
: nomor atom</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 25.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 61.0%;" valign="top" width="61%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">=
jumlah elektron (e)<br />
= jumlah proton (p)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 33.0%;" valign="top" width="33%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 42.0%;" valign="top" width="42%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A
: bilangan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 61.0%;" valign="top" width="61%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">=
jumlah proton + neutron</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="3" style="height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada
atom netral, berlaku: jumlah elektron = jumlah proton.</span> </div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh
:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.
Tentukan jumlah elektron, proton den neutron dari unsur </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">26</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">56</span></sup> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fe !</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jawab
:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jumlah
elektron = jumlah proton = nomor atom = 26</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jumlah
neutron = bilangan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city>
- nomor atom = 56 - 26 = 30</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.
Berikan notasi unsur X, jika diketahui jumlah neutron = 14 dan jumlah
elektron = 13 !</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jawab
:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nomor
atom = jumlah elektron = 13<br />
Bilangan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city>
= jumlah proton + neutron = 13 + 14 = 27</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jadi notasi unsurnya: </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">13</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;"> 27</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> X</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">d.
Atom tak netral : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">atom
yang bermuatan listrik karena kelebihan atau kekurangan elektron bila
dibandingkan dengan atom netralnya.</span> </div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Atom
bermuatan positif bila kekurangan elektron, disebut kation.<br />
Atom bermuatan negatif bila kelebihan elektron, disebut anion.</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
Na<sup>+</sup> : kation dengan kekurangan 1 elektron<br />
- Mg<sup>2- </sup>: kation dengan kekurangan 2 elektron<br />
- Cl<sup>- </sup> : anion dengan kelebihan 1 elektron<br />
- O<sup>2 </sup>: anion dengan kelebihan 2 elektron</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">e.</span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isotop :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> unsur yang nomor
atomnya sama, tetapi berbeda bilangan massanya.<br />
Contoh: Isotop oksigen: </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">8</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">16</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> O ; </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">8</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">17</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> O ; </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">8</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">18</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> O<br />
<br />
<b>f. Isobar : </b>unsur yang bilangan massanya sama, tetapi berbeda nomor
atomnya.<br />
Contoh: </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">27</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">59</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> CO dengan </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">28</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">59</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ni<br />
<br />
<b>g. Isoton : </b>unsur dengan jumlah neutron yang sama.<br />
Contoh: </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">6</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">13</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> C dengan </span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">7</span></sub><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">14</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> N<br />
<br />
<b>h.</b></span> <b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Iso
elektron:</span></b> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">atom/ion
dengan jumlah elektron yang sama.<br />
Contoh: Na<sup>+</sup> dengan Mg<sup>2+<br />
</sup>K<sup>+</sup> dengan Ar</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. Model Atom<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A. </span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">MODEL ATOM
JOHN DALTON</span></b> </div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">atom
adalah bagian terkecil suatu unsur</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">atom
tidak dapat diciptakan, dimusnahkan, terbagi lagi, atau diubah menjadi zat
lain</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">atom-atom
suatu unsur adalah same dalam segala hal, tetapi berbeda dengan atom-atom
dari unsur lain</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">reaksi
kimia merupakan proses penggabungan atau pemisahan atom dari unsur-unsur yang
terlihat</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kelemahan
teori atom <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>:
tidak dapat membedakan pengertian atom den molekul. Dan atom ternyata bukan
partikel yang terkecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B.<br />
MODEL ATOM J.J. THOMPSON</span></b> </div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">atom
merupakan suatu bola bermuatan positif dan di dalamnya tersebar
elektron-elektron seperti kismis</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">jumlah
muatan positif sama dengan muatan negatif, sehingga atom bersifat netral</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C.</span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">MODEL ATOM
<st1:place w:st="on">RUTHERFORD</st1:place></span></b> </div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">atom
terdiri dari inti atom yang sangat kecil dengan muatan positif yang massanya
merupakan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city>
atom tersebut</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">elektron-elektron
dalam atom bergerak mengelilingi inti tersebut</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">banyaknya
elektron dalam atom sama dengan banyaknya proton dalam inti dan ini sesuai
dengan nomor<br />
atomnya</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D.</span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">MODEL ATOM
BOHR</span></b> </div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">elektron-elektron
dalam mengelilingi inti berada pada tingkat-tingkat energi (kulit) tertentu
tanpa<br />
menyerap atau memancarkan energi</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" valign="top" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">elektron
dapat berpindah dari kulit luar ke kulit yang lebih dalam dengan memancarkan
energi, atau<br />
sebaliknya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>C. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bilangan-Bilangan Kuantum</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk
menentukan kedudukan suatu elektron dalam atom, digunakan 4 bilangan kuantum. </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.
Bilangan kuantum utama (n): </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">mewujudkan <b><i>lintasan </i>elektron </b>dalam
atom. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">n
mempunyai harga 1, 2, 3, ..... </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- n = 1
sesuai dengan kulit K<br />
- n = 2 sesuai dengan kulit L<br />
- n = 3 sesuai dengan kulit M<br />
- dan seterusnya </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tiap kulit
atau setiap tingkat energi ditempati oleh sejumlah elektron. Jumlah elektron
maksimmm yang dapat menempati tingkat energi itu harus memenuhi rumus Pauli =
2n<sup>2</sup>. </span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">kulit ke-4
(n=4) dapat ditempati maksimum= 2 x 4<sup>2</sup> elektron = 32 elektron </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.
Bilangan kuantum azimuth (l) : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">menunjukkan <b><i>sub kulit </i></b>dimana
elektron itu bergerak sekaligus menunjukkan sub kulit yang merupakan penyusun
suatu kulit. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bilangan
kuantum azimuth mempunyai harga dari 0 sampai dengan (n-1).<br />
n = 1 ; l<i> </i>= 0 ; sesuai kulit K<br />
n = 2 ; l<i> = </i>0<i>, </i>1 ; sesuai kulit L<br />
n = 3 ; l<i> = </i>0, 1, 2 ; sesuai kulit M<br />
n = 4 ; l<i> = </i>0, 1, 2, 3 ; sesuai kulit N<br />
dan seterusnya </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sub kulit
yang harganya berbeda-beda ini diberi nama khusus: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">l<i> </i>=
0 ; sesuai sub kulit s (s = sharp)<i><br />
</i>l<i> </i>= 1 ; sesuai sub kulit p (p = principle)<br />
l <i>= </i>2 ; sesuai sub kulit d (d = diffuse)<br />
l <i>= </i>3 ; sesuai sub kulit f (f = fundamental) </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bilangan
kuantum magnetik (m): </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">mewujudkan adanya satu atau <b>beberapa <i>tingkatan
energi </i></b>di dalam satu sub kulit. Bilangan kuantum magnetik (m) mempunyai
harga (-l) sampai harga (+l). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk:<br />
<br />
l = 0 (sub kulit s), harga m = 0 (mempunyai 1 orbital)<br />
l = 1 (sub kulit p), harga m = -1, O, +1 (mempunyai 3 orbital)<br />
l<i> = </i>2 (sub kulit d), harga m = -2, -1, O, +1, +2 (mempunyai 5 orbital)<br />
l<i> = </i>3 (sub kwit f) , harga m = -3, -2, O, +1, +2, +3 (mempunyai 7
orbital)</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4.
Bilangan kuantum spin </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(s): menunjukkan <i>arah </i>perputaran elektron pada
sumbunya.<br />
Dalam satu orbital, <i>maksimum </i>dapat beredar 2 elektron dan kedua elektron
ini berputar melalui sumbu dengan arah yang berlawanan, dan masing-masing
diberi harga spin +1/2 atau -1/2.</span> <br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pertanyaan:</span></i>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bagaimana
menyatakan keempat bilangan kuantum dari elektron 3s<sup>1 </sup>?</span> <br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jawab:</span></i>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Keempat
bilangan kuantum dari kedudukan elektron 3s<sup>1</sup> dapat dinyatakan
sebagai,<br />
n= 3 ; l = 0 ; m = 0 ; s = +1/2 ; atau -1/2</span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>D. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Konfigurasi Elektron</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
setiap atom telah tersedia orbital-orbital, akan tetapi belum tentu semua
orbital ini terisi penuh. Bagaimanakah pengisian elektron dalam orbital-orbital
tersebut ? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengisian
elektron dalam orbital-orbital memenuhi beberapa peraturan. antara lain: </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.
Prinsip Aufbau : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">elektron-elektron
mulai mengisi orbital dengan tingkat energi terendah dan seterusnya. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Orbital
yang memenuhi tingkat energi yang paling rendah adalah 1s dilanjutkan dengan
2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, dan seterusnya dan untuk mempermudah dibuat diagram sebagai
berikut:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh pengisian
elektron-elektron dalam orbital beberapa unsur: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Atom H :
mempunyai 1 elektron, konfigurasinya 1s<sup>1</sup><br />
Atom C : mempunyai 6 elektron, konfigurasinya 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup>
2p<sup>2</sup><br />
Atom K : mempunyai 19 elektron, konfigurasinya 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>
3S<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.
Prinsip Pauli : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">tidak
mungkin di dalam atom terdapat 2 elektron dengan keempat bilangan kuantum yang
sama. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hal ini
berarti, bila ada dua elektron yang mempunyai bilangan kuantum utama, azimuth
dan magnetik yang sama, maka bilangan kuantum spinnya harus berlawanan. </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3. Prinsip
Hund : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">cara
pengisian elektron dalam orbital pada suatu sub kulit ialah bahwa
elektron-elektron tidak membentuk pasangan elektron sebelum masing-masing
orbital terisi dengan sebuah elektron. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:<br />
<br />
- Atom C dengan nomor atom 6, berarti memiliki 6 elektron dan cara Pengisian
orbitalnya adalah:</span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Berdasarkan
prinsip Hund, maka 1 elektron dari lintasan 2s akan berpindah ke lintasan 2pz,
sehingga sekarang ada 4 elektron yang tidak berpasangan. Oleh karena itu agar
semua orbitalnya penuh, maka atom karbon berikatan dengan unsur yang dapat
memberikan 4 elektron. Sehingga di alam terdapat senyawa CH<sub>4</sub> atau
CCl<sub>4</sub>, tetapi tidak terdapat senyawa CCl<sub>3</sub> atau CCl<sub>5</sub>.
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB XVII<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">SISTEM PERIODIK UNSUR-UNSUR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">MACAM-MACAM
SISTEM PERIODIK</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.</span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">TRIADE
DOBEREINER DAN HUKUM OKTAF NEWLANDS</span></b> </div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">TRIADE
DOBEREINER</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Dobereiner menemukan adanya beberapa kelompok tiga unsur yang memiliki
kemiripan sifat, yang ada <i>hubungannya dengan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> atom. </i></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 35.0%;" valign="top" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh
kelompok-kelompok triade:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
Cl, Br dan I</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
Ca, Sr dan Ba</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0%;" width="65%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
S, Se dan Te</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">HUKUM
OKTAF NEWLANDS</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Apabila unsur disusun berdasarkan <i>kenaikan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> atom, </i>maka unsur kesembilan
mempunyai sifat-sifat yang mirip dengan unsur pertama, unsur kesepuluh mirip
dengan unsur kedua dan seterusnya. Karena setelah unsur kedelapan
sifat-sifatnya selalu terulang, maka dinamakan hukum Oktaf.<br />
</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;">(+8)</span></sub>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Contoh: Li (nomor atom 3) akan mirip sifatnya dengan Na (nomor atom 11) 3 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 11</span> <br />
2. SISTEM PERIODIK MENDELEYEV <br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Disusun
berdasarkan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><i>massa</i></st1:place></st1:city><i>
atomnya </i>dengan tidak mengabaikan sifat-sifat unsurnya.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lahirlah
hukum periodik unsur yang menyatakan bahwa apabila unsur disusun menurut <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city> atomnya, maka
unsur itu akan menunjukkan sifat-sifat yang berulang secara periodik.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Beberapa
keunggulan sistem periodik Mendeleyev, antara lain:</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0%;" width="90%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ada</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> tempat bagi
unsur transisi.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0%;" width="90%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Terdapat
tempat-tempat kosong yang diramalkan akan diisi dengan unsur yang belum
ditemukan pada waktu itu.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
-</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kekurangan
sistem periodik ini:</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
- </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0%;" width="90%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Adanya empat pasal anomali, yaitu
penyimpangan terhadap hukum perioditas yang disusun berdasarkan kenaikan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city> atomnya. Keempat
anomali itu adalah: Ar dengan K, Te dengan I, Co dengan Ni dan Th dengan <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pa.</st1:place></st1:state></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3.</span></b> <b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">SISTEM PERIODIK BENTUK PANJANG</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Sistem ini merupakan penyempurnaan dari gagasan Mendeleyev, disusun berdasarkan
<i>nomor atomnya.<br />
</i>Sistem ini terdiri dari dua deret, deret horisontal disebut periodik dan
deret vertikal disebut golongan.<br />
<br />
<b>4.</b></span> <b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">SISTEM
PERIODIK DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN KONFIGURASI ELEKTRON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PERIODA DENGAN KONFIGURASI ELEKTRON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam sistem periodik, perioda menunjukkan
banyaknya kulit yang telah terisi elektron di dalam suatu atom.<br />
Sehingga sesuai dengan banyaknya kulit yaitu K, L, M, N, O, P, Q maka sistem
periodik mempunyai 7 perioda.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>B. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hubungan Antara Golongan Dengan
Konfigurasi Elektron</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unsur yang
terletak pada satu golongan mempunyai sifat-sifat kimia yang mirip (hampir
sama).<br />
Unsur-unsur golongan A disebut golongan utama, sedangkan unsur-unsur golongan B
disebut unsur transisi (peralihan), semua unsur transisi diberi simbol B
kecuali untuk triade besi, paladium dan platina disebut "golongan VIII''. </span><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
LAMBANG UNSUR-UNSUR GOLONGAN A</span></i></b><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 78%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lambang Golongan </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nama Golongan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Konfigurasi
Elektron Orbital Terluar </span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">I - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alkali</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">II - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alkali tanah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">III - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Boron</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>2</sup> -
np<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IV - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Karbon - Silikon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>2</sup> -
np<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">V - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nitogen - Posphor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>2</sup> -
np<sup>3</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VI - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Oksigen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>2</sup> -
np<sup>4</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VII - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Halogen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>2</sup> -
np<sup>5</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 25.0%;" width="25%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VIII - A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.0%;" width="24%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gas mulia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0%;" width="51%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ns<sup>2</sup> -
np<sup>6</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
LAMBANG UNSUR-UNSUR GOLONGAN B</span></i></b><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 47%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Konfigurasi
Elektron </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lambang Golongan </span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>1</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">III - B</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>2</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">IV - B</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>3</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">V - B</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>4</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VI - B</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>5</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VII - B</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>6-8</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VIII</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>9</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">I - B</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0%;" width="46%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(n - 1) d<sup>10</sup>
ns<sup>2</sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0%;" width="54%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">II - B</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
GOLONGAN LANTANIDA DAN AKTINIDA, DIBERI LAMBANG</span></i></b><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 23%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 26.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" width="100%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">nS<sup>2</sup>
(n-2)f<sup>1-14</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jika :</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">n = 6
adalah</span> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">lantanida<br />
n = 7 adalah aktinida</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>C. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cara Penentuan Perioda Dan Golongan
Suatu Unsur</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b><i>Unsur dengan
nomor atom 11, konfigurasinya : 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>1<br />
</sup></i></b><br />
- n = 3, berarti periode 3 (kulit M).<br />
- elektron valensi (terluar) 3s sebanyak 1 elektron, berarti termasuk golongan
IA. </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.</span></i></b>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unsur
Ga dengan nomor atom 31, konfigurasinya : 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>
3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4p<sup>1<br />
</sup></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
- n = 4, berarti perioda 4 (kulit N).<br />
- elektronvalensi 4s<sup>2</sup> 4p<sup>1</sup>, berarti golongan IIIA.</span> </div>
<b>3. Unsur Sc dengan nomor atom
21, konfigurasinya : 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup>
3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>1<br />
</sup></b><br />
- n = 4, berarti perioda 4 (kulit N).<br />
- 3d<sup>1</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> berarti golongan IIIB. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4.</span></i></b>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unsur
Fe dengan nomor atom 26, konfigurasinya : 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>
3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10<br />
</sup></span></i></b><sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-
n = 4, berarti perioda 4 (kulit N).<br />
- 3d<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> , berarti golongan VIII.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>D. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Beberapa Sifat Periodik Unsur-Unsur</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jari jari atom</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">adalah jarak dari
inti atom ke lintasan elektron terluar.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
satu perioda, dari kiri ke kanan jari jari atom berkurang.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah jari-jari atom bertambah.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jari-jari
atom netral lebih besar daripada jari-jari ion positifnya tetapi lebih kecil
dari jari-jari ion negatifnya.<br />
<br />
<i>Contoh:</i><br />
jari-jari atom Cl < jari-jari ion Cl<sup>-</sup><br />
jari-jari atom Ba > jari-jari ion Ba<sup>2+</sup> </span></div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Potensial ionisasi</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">adalah energi
yang diperlukan untuk melepaskan elektron yang paling lemah/luar dari atom
suatu unsur atau ion dalam keadaan gas.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
satu perioda, dari kiri ke kanan potensial ionisasi bertambah.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah potensial ionisasi berkurang. </span></div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3.</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Affinitas elektron</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">adalah besarnya
energi yang dibebaskan pada saat atom suatu unsur dalam keadaan gas menerima
elektron.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
satu perioda, dari kiri ke kanan affinitas elektron bertambah.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 3.0%;" valign="top" width="3%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">- </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah affinitas elektron berkurang. </span></div>
<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0%;" valign="top" width="4%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 96.0%;" width="96%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Keelektronegatifan</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">adalah kemampuan
atom suatu unsur untuk menarik elektron ke arah intinya dan digunakan
bersama.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">SECARA
DIAGRAMATIS SIFAT-SIFAT INI DAPAT DISAJIKAN SEBAGAI BERIKUT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.
Jari-jari atom<br />
2. Sifat logam<br />
3. Sifat elektropositif<br />
4. Reduktor<br />
5. Sifat basa/oksida basa </span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">makin
besar/kuat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1. Sifat
elektronegatif<br />
2. Oksidator<br />
3. Potensial ionisasi<br />
4. Affinitas elektron<br />
5. Keelektronegatifan </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Keterangan:
tanda-tanda panah di atas mempunyai arti sebagai berikut</span> <br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 11.0%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0%;" valign="top" width="89%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:
artinya, dalam satu periode dari kiri ke kanan</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 11.0%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">¬</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0%;" valign="top" width="89%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:
artinya, dalam satu periode dari kanan ke kiri</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 11.0%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">¯</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0%;" valign="top" width="89%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:
artinya, dalam satu golongan dari atas ke bawah</span> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 11.0%;" valign="top" width="11%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt;">á</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0%;" valign="top" width="89%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:
artinya, dalam satu golongan dari bawah ke atas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5431310947652174657.post-64253259803934483852015-01-07T23:02:00.000+07:002015-01-17T23:03:37.298+07:00REAKSI REDOKS DAN ELEKTROKIMIA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuv_ArNclkhyA0cX0zSUL1pZlnjVLe3cRERu0MxNjiFVRaB34maoHFfJdilpUNWz4VZoCz_Uc3u8tFyFXlhz6_xQOZga3EiyIdCyEwVtP9vOqHyDzjevKshS0gP2QrPHq64UbX90buXfLe/s1600/redoxeqtn1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuv_ArNclkhyA0cX0zSUL1pZlnjVLe3cRERu0MxNjiFVRaB34maoHFfJdilpUNWz4VZoCz_Uc3u8tFyFXlhz6_xQOZga3EiyIdCyEwVtP9vOqHyDzjevKshS0gP2QrPHq64UbX90buXfLe/s1600/redoxeqtn1.gif" height="97" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reaksi Redoks</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5431310947652174657" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5431310947652174657" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5431310947652174657" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5431310947652174657" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b>A. Oksidasi - Reduksi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b>OKSIDASI REDUKSI</b><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: .7pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 105.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 105.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 15.0%;" width="15%"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>Klasik</b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 105.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.0%;" width="85%"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="9" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 6.7pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 54.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 54.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 22.0%;" valign="top" width="22%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Oksidasi</div>
</td>
<td style="height: 54.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 78.0%;" width="78%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Reaksi antara suatu zat dengan
oksigen</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 22.0%;" valign="top" width="22%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Reduksi</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 78.0%;" width="78%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Reaksi antara suatu zat dengan
hidrogen</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 15.0%;" width="15%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Modern</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 85.0%;" width="85%"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="9" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 6.7pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 23.0%;" width="23%"><div class="MsoNormal">
Oksidasi<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.0%;" width="77%"><div class="MsoNormal">
- Kenaikan Bilangan Oksidasi<br />
- Pelepasan Elektron</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 23.0%;" width="23%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Reduksi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.0%;" width="77%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- Penurunan Bilangan Oksidasi<br />
- Penangkapan Elektron</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 23.0%;" width="23%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Oksidator</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.0%;" width="77%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- Mengalami Reduksi<br />
- Mengalami Penurunan Bilangan Oksidasi<br />
- Memapu mengoksidasi<br />
- Dapat menangkap elektron</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 23.0%;" width="23%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Reduktor</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.0%;" width="77%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- Mengalami oksidasi<br />
- Mengalami kenaikan Bilangan Oksidasi<br />
- Mampu mereduksi<br />
- Dapat memberikan elektron</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 23.0%;" width="23%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Auto Redoks</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.0%;" width="77%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- Reaksi redoks di mana sebuah
zat mengalami<br />
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>B. Konsep Bilangan Oksidasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><i>Pengertian Bilangan Oksidasi
:</i></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Muatan listrik yang seakan-akan
dimiliki oleh unsur dalam suatu senyawa atau ion.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>HARGA BILANGAN OKSIDASI</b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Unsur bebas Bialngan Oksidasi
= 0</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Oksigen<br />
</b>Dalam Senyawa Bilangan Oksidasi = -2<br />
<i>kecuali</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
a. Dalam peroksida, Bilangan
Oksidasi = -1<br />
b. Dalam superoksida, Bilangan Oksida = -1/2<br />
c. Dalam OF2, Bilangan Oksidasi = +2</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>3.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Hidrogen</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Dalam senyawa, Bilangan Oksidasi
= +1<br />
Kecuali dalam hibrida = -1</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>4.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Unsur-unsur <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Golongan</st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">IA</st1:state></st1:place></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Dalam Senyawa, Bilangan Oksidasi
= +2</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>5.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Unsur-unsur Golongan IIA</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Dalam senyawa, Bilangan Oksidasi
= +2</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>6.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Bilangan Oksidasi molekul = 0</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>7.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Bilangan Oksidasi ion = muatan
ion</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>8.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Unsur halogen</b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
F</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
: 0, -1</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Cl</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
: 0, -1, +1, +3, +5, +7</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
Br</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
: 0, -1, +1, +5, +7</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
I</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
: 0, -1, +1, +5, +7</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>C. Langkah-Langkah Reaksi Redoks<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b>LANGKAH-LANGKAH PENYETARAAN REAKSI REDOKS</b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><b>CARA BILANGAN OKSIDASI</b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
a.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Tentukan mana reaksi oksidasi dan reduksinya.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
b.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Tentukan penurunan Bilangan Oksidasi dari oksidator dan kenaikan Bilangan
Oksidasi dari reduktor.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
c.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Jumlah elektron yang diterima dan yang dilepaskan perlu disamakan dengan
mengalikan terhadap suatu faktor.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
d.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Samakan jumlah atom oksigen di kanan dan kiri reaksi terakhir jumlah
atom hidrogen di sebelah kanan dan kiri reaksi.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><b>CARA SETENGAH REAKSI</b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
a.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Tentukan mana reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
b.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Reaksi oksidasi dipisahkan daui reaksi reduksi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
c.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Setarakan ruas kanan dan kiri untuk jumlah atom yang mengalami perubahan
Bilangan Oksidasi untuk reaksi yang jumlah atom-atom kanan dan kiri sudah
sama, setarakan muatan listriknya dengan menambahkan elektron.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
d.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Untuk reaksi yang jumlah atom oksigen di kanan dan kiri belum sama
setarakan kekurangan oksigen dengan menambahkan sejumlah H2O sesuai dengan
jumlah kekurangannya.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
e.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Setarakan atom H dengan menambah sejumlah ion H+ sebanyak kekurangannya.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
f.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Setarakan muatan, listrik sebelah kanan dan kiri dengan menambahkan
elektron pada ruas yang kekurangan muatan negatif atau kelebihan muatan
positif.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
g.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%">Samakan jumlah elektron kedua reaksi dengan mengalikan masing-masing
dengan sebuah faktor.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>D. Penyetaraan Persamaan Reaksi Redoks<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b>Tahapan:</b> <br />
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Tentukan perubahan bilangan
oksidasi.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Setarakan perubahan
bilangan oksidasi. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
z-index:251652608' from="63pt,34.6pt" to="81pt,34.6pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 83px; margin-top: 40px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251652608;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="27" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1026"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251651584'
from="54pt,18.6pt" to="1in,18.6pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 71px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251651584;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="27" /></span><!--[endif]-->Setarakan jumlah listrik ruas
kiri dan kanan dengan :<br />
H<sup>+</sup> pada larutan bersifat asam<br />
<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> pada larutan bersifat basa</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Tambahkan H2O untuk
menyetarakan jumlah atom H.</li>
</ol>
<b>Contoh:</b><br />
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;
z-index:251653632' from="63pt,9.6pt" to="90pt,9.6pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 83px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 39px; z-index: 251653632;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="39" /></span><!--[endif]-->MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> + Fe<sup>2+</sup> Mn<sup>2+</sup> + Fe<sup>3+</sup> (suasana
asam)<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
1.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> + Fe<sup>2+</sup> Mn<sup>2+</sup> + Fe<sup>3+</sup></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;
z-index:251654656;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text' from="1in,-4.2pt" to="90pt,-4.2pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251654656;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 95px; position: absolute; top: -12px; width: 27px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="27" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: white;">..</span>+7<span style="color: white;">......</span> +2<span style="color: white;">....... </span> +2<span style="color: white;">......</span> +3</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: white;">.................</span><u>
</u></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: white;">........................</span>+1</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
2.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1030"
style='position:absolute;z-index:251655680;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'
from="81pt,18.6pt" to="99pt,18.6pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 107px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="27" /></span><!--[endif]-->Angka penyerta = 5<br />
MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> + 5 Fe<sup>2+</sup> Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 5 Fe<sup>3+</sup></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
3.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1031"
style='position:absolute;z-index:251656704;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'
from="117pt,4.8pt" to="135pt,4.8pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="27" /></span><!--[endif]-->MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> + 5 Fe<sup>2+</sup>
+ 8 H<sup>+</sup> Mn<sup>2+</sup>
+ 5 Fe<sup>3+</sup></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
4.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1032"
style='position:absolute;z-index:251657728;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'
from="117pt,4.8pt" to="135pt,4.8pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="27" /></span><!--[endif]-->MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> + 5 Fe<sup>2+</sup>
+ 8 H<sup>+</sup> Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 5 Fe<sup>3+</sup> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>E. Elektrokimia<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b>SEL ELEKTROKIMIA </b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Sel Volta/Galvani</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
1. terjadi penubahan : energi
kimia energi listrik<br />
2. anode = elektroda negatif (-)<br />
3. katoda = elektroda positif (+)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 7.0%;" valign="top" width="7%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Sel Elektrolisis</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
1. terjadi perubahan : energi
listrik energi kimia<br />
2. anode = elektroda positif (+)<br />
3. katoda = elektroda neeatif (-)</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>F. Sel Volta<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>KONSEP-KONSEP SEL <st1:place w:st="on">VOLTA</st1:place></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Sel Volta</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Deret Volta/Nerst</b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
a.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn,
Zn<br />
Fe Ni, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
b.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Makin ke kanan, </b>mudah
direduksi sukar dioksidasi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Makin ke kiri, </b>mudah
dioksidasi sukar direduksi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Prinsip</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
1. Anoda terjadi reaksi oksidasi
; Katoda terjadi reaksi reduksi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
2. <b>Arus elektron : </b>anoda
katoda ; <b>Arus listrik </b>: katoda anoda</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
3. Jembatan garam:
menyetimbangkan ion-ion dalam larutan</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>MACAM SEL <st1:place w:st="on">VOLTA</st1:place></b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Sel Kering atau Sel Leclance</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
= Katoda : Karbon<br />
= Anoda :Zn<br />
= Elektrolit : Campuran berupa pasta : MnO<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl +
sedikit Air</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Sel Aki</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>= </b>Katoda: PbO<sub>2</sub><br />
= Anoda : Pb<br />
= Elektrolit: Larutan H2SO4<br />
= Sel sekunder</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>3.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Sel Bahan Bakar</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
= Elektroda : Ni<br />
= Elektrolit : Larutan KOH<br />
= Bahan Bakar : H<sub>2</sub> dan O<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0%;" valign="top" width="6%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>4.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.0%;" valign="top" width="94%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Baterai Ni - Cd</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
= Katoda : NiO<sub>2</sub> dengan
sedikit air<br />
= Anoda : Cd</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>G. Potensial Elektroda<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b>POTENSIAL ELEKTRODA</b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Pengertian</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Merupakan ukuran terhadap
besarnya kecenderungan suatu unsur untuk melepaskan atau mempertahankan
elektron</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Elektroda Hidrogen</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- E° H<sub>2</sub> diukur pada
25° C, 1 atm dan {H<sup>+</sup>} = 1 molar</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- E° H<sub>2</sub> = 0.00 volt</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>3.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Elektroda Logam</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- E° logam diukur terhadap E° H<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- Logam sebelah kiri H : E°
elektroda < 0</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- Logam sebelah kanan H : E°
elektroda > 0</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>4.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Cara Menghitung Potensial
Elektroda Sel</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
1. E° sel = E° red - E° oks </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
2. E sel = E° sel - RT/nF ln C</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:12.75pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="17" /><!--[endif]-->Pada 25° C :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:12.75pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="17" /><!--[endif]-->E sel = E° sel - 0.059/n log C</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Elektroda tergantung pada :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
- Jenis Elektroda<br />
- Suhu<br />
- Konsentrasi ionnya</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><i>Catatan :</i></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
E° = potensial reduksi standar
(volt)<br />
R = tetapan gas - [ volt.coulomb/mol.°K] = 8.314<br />
T = suhu mutlak (°K)<br />
n = jumlah elektron<br />
F = 96.500 coulomb<br />
C = [bentuk oksidasi]/[bentuk reduksi]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>H. Korosi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Prinsip</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Proses Elektrokimia</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Proses Oksidasi Logam</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Reaksi perkaratan besi</b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
a.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Anoda: Fe(s) ® Fe<sup>2+</sup>
+ 2e </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Katoda: 2 H<sup>+</sup> + 2 e<sup>-</sup>
® H2</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub>
+ 4e<sup>-</sup> ® 4OH<sup>-</sup></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
b.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
2H+ + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub> + 3 Fe ® 3 Fe<sup>2+</sup>
+ 4 OH<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub><br />
Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub> oleh O<sub>2</sub> di udara dioksidasi menjadi Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
. nH<sub>2</sub>O</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>3.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Faktor yang berpengaruh</b><br />
<br />
1. Kelembaban udara<br />
2. Elektrolit<br />
3. Zat terlarut pembentuk asam (CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>)<br />
4. Adanya O<sub>2</sub><br />
5. Lapisan pada permukaan logam<br />
6. Letak logam dalam deret potensial reduksi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>4.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Mencegah Korosi</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
1. Dicat<br />
2. Dilapisi logam yang lebih mulia<br />
3. Dilapisi logam yang lebih mudah teroksidasi<br />
4. Menanam batang-batang logam yang lebih aktif dekat logam besi <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:12.75pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="17" /><!--[endif]-->dan dihubungkan<br />
5. Dicampur dengan logam lain</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b>I.
KOROSI</b><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Prinsip</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Proses Elektrokimia</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Proses Oksidasi Logam</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Reaksi perkaratan besi</b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
a.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Anoda: Fe(s) ® Fe<sup>2+</sup>
+ 2e </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
Katoda: 2 H<sup>+</sup> + 2 e<sup>-</sup>
® H2</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub>
+ 4e<sup>-</sup> ® 4OH<sup>-</sup></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
b.</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
2H+ + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub> + 3 Fe ® 3 Fe<sup>2+</sup>
+ 4 OH<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub><br />
Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub> oleh O<sub>2</sub> di udara dioksidasi menjadi Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
. nH<sub>2</sub>O</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>3.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Faktor yang berpengaruh</b><br />
<br />
1. Kelembaban udara<br />
2. Elektrolit<br />
3. Zat terlarut pembentuk asam (CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>)<br />
4. Adanya O<sub>2</sub><br />
5. Lapisan pada permukaan logam<br />
6. Letak logam dalam deret potensial reduksi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>4.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b>Mencegah Korosi</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
1. Dicat<br />
2. Dilapisi logam yang lebih mulia<br />
3. Dilapisi logam yang lebih mudah teroksidasi<br />
4. Menanam batang-batang logam yang lebih aktif dekat logam besi <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:12.75pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="17" /><!--[endif]-->dan dihubungkan<br />
5. Dicampur dengan logam lain</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>J. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Elektrolisis</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1. Katoda [elektroda -]</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">•</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Terjadi
reaksi <i>reduksi</i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">•</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jenis
logam tidak diperhatikan, kecuali logam <i>Alkali </i>(IA) den <i>Alkali
tanah </i>(IIA), Al dan Mn</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">•</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Reaksi:<br />
2 H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>-</sup> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
H<sub>2</sub>(g)<br />
ion golongan IA/IIA </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> tidak direduksi;
penggantinya air<br />
2 H<sub>2</sub>O(</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) + 2 e- </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> basa + H<sub>2</sub>(g)<br />
ion-ion lain </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> direduksi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2. Anoda [ektroda +]</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">•</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" width="95%"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Terjadi
reaksi <i>oksidasi </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">•</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" width="95%"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jenis
logam diperhatikan<br />
<br />
a. Anoda : Pt atau C (elektroda inert)<br />
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
style='width:14.25pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="19" /><!--[endif]-->reaksi : - 4OH<sup>-</sup>(aq) </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 2H<sub>2</sub>O(</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4e-<br />
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
style='width:54.75pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="73" /><!--[endif]-->- gugus asam beroksigen tidak teroksidasi,
diganti oleh <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:63.75pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="85" /><!--[endif]-->2 H<sub>2</sub>O(</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> asam + O<sub>2</sub>(g)<br />
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
style='width:54.75pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="73" /><!--[endif]-->- golongan VIIA (halogen) </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> gas</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b. Anoda
bukan : Pt atau C<br />
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
style='width:14.25pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="19" /><!--[endif]-->reaksi : bereaksi dengan anoda membentuk
garam atau<br />
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
style='width:15pt;height:6pt'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/EDUSPO~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="20" /><!--[endif]-->senyawa lain.</span></td>
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<b>K. </b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hukum Faraday</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">PRINSIP
PERHITUNGAN ELEKTROLISIS</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.</span></b></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hukum
Faraday I</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">"<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Massa</st1:place></st1:city> zat yang
terbentuk pada masing-masing elektroda sebanding dengan kuat arus/arus
listrik yang mengalir pada elektrolisis tersebut".</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumus:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">m = e .
i . t / 96.500</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">q = i .
t</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">m = <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city> zat yang
dihasilkan (gram)<br />
e = berat ekivalen = Ar/ Valens i= Mr/Valensi<br />
i = kuat arus listrik (amper)<br />
t = waktu (detik)<br />
q = muatan listrik (coulomb)</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 93.0%;" valign="top" width="93%"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hukum
Faraday II</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">"<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Massa</st1:place></st1:city> dari macam-macam
zat yang diendapkan pada masing-masing elektroda (terbentuk pada
masing-masing elektroda) oleh sejumlah arus listrik yang sama banyaknya akan
sebanding dengan berat ekivalen masing-masing zat tersebut."</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rumus:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">m<sub>1 </sub>:
m<sub>2</sub> = e<sub>1</sub> : e<sub>2</sub></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">m = <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city> zat (garam)<br />
e = beret ekivalen = Ar/Valensi = Mr/Valensi</span></td>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada
elektrolisis larutan CuSO<sub>4</sub> dengan elektroda inert, dialirkan listrik
10 amper selama 965 detik.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hitunglah <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city></st1:place> tembaga yang
diendapkan pada katoda dan volume gas oksigen yang terbentuk di anoda pada
(O°C, 1 atm), (Ar: Cu = 63.5 ; O = 16).</span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jawab:</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">CuSO<sub>4</sub>
(aq) </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq)
+ SO4<sup>2-</sup>(aq)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Katoda
[elektroda - : reduksi] : Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>-</sup> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cu(s)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Anoda
[elektroda + : oksidasi]: 2 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt;">®</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4 H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 4 e<sup>-</sup></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">massa</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> tembaga:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">m = e .
i . t/96.500 = (Ar/Valensi) x (10.965/96.500) = 63.5/2 x 9.650/96.500 = 31.25
x 0,1 = 3,125 gram</span><br />
<br /></td>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 5.0%;" valign="top" width="5%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b.</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 95.0%;" valign="top" width="95%"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">m<sub>1</sub>
: m<sub>2</sub> = e<sub>1</sub> : e<sub>2</sub></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">mCu : mO<sub>2</sub>
= eCu : eO<sub>2</sub></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3,125 :
mO<sub>2</sub> = 6.32/2 : 32/4</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3,125 :
mO<sub>2</sub> = 31,25 : 8</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">mO<sub>2</sub>
= (3.125 x 8)/31.25 = 0.8 gram</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">mol O<sub>2</sub>
= 0.8/32 = 8/320 = 1/4 mol</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">volume O<sub>2</sub>
(0°C, 1 atm) = 1/40 x 22.4 = 0.56 liter</span></td>
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